Download PDF. A short summary of this paper. H1, Voleti Vyshnavi2 1,2 Civil Engineering, Jain Engineering College Abstract- Due to extreme increase in population there is urban centers has been accompanied by increasing an increase in vehicles demand which in turn causing rate of car ownership and increasing demand for the increase in number of vehicles on road. In order to movement for various purposes which has led to reduce the stress of parking and any form of danger heavy traffic congestion on roads today.
This can be probably done by constructing Multi Level Car Parking Structure where there is clear possibility of parking number of vehicles in a single structure thus, reducing the major traffic challenges. The plan of the multilevel car parking structure is prepared using AutoCAD and the structure is analyzed to determine the seismic Fig1.
The design has been done according to Indian standard code IS The rural roads as a process responded to human requirements rather construction in the past in old new way have proved than as a product to be designed and built a great competent to accommodate increases number of expense. Transportation has been an important aspect vehicles.
The existing towns are also lacking the of human activity, especially in the socio-economical facility of parking, due to which the vehicles are interaction of the human society.
It has helped with being parked along the highway sides, residential the effective interaction between different locations, roadway, pathway and green points of the roads bringing about robust movement of people and good which causes frequent traffic jams.
With the fast growing population of Multilevel car parking is designed for car parking the world today, towns and cities are experiencing where there are number of floors on which vehicles difficulties in managing the traffic flow in the are parked. Most multi-storey car parks are located society. Multi- within this place, currently, the ULB Urban Local storey facilities can be or multi-purpose, i.
Bodies and the city traffic police allow parking of containing other uses e. Multi- which is designed specifically to be for automobile storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking and where there are a number of floors or parking slot, as they typically require less building levels on which parking takes place.
The multi volume and less ground area than a conventional storey car park is a feature that had already come into facility with the same capacity.
A multi-storey car existence even before World War II, but was not so parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the commonly used. The earliest known multi storey car realization of optimum parking solution.
The Hotel La Salle was storeyed parking building. The mindset of the people also changes, this increases the automobile usage. The number of vehicles is increasing every year; it leads to parking problem in every place. The parking slots are half compared to the total number of vehicles. The structure is flow of traffic. In addition, high population density, responsible for maintaining the shape and form under large number of pavement hawkers, sidewalk the influence of subjected forces. FORCE is encroachments, heterogeneous nature of traffic and important that the strength and stability of a structure commercial area development along all the major and its individual components must be considered.
Three properties of forces that should be components of a building and each have their own considered are: Magnitude: The size of the force, structural properties which need to be considered. Direction: The direction in which the force is acting. Such members include: Beams: Horizontal members Position: The position on which the force acts. Isaac which transfer loads to supports. Columns: Vertical Newton developed three laws of motion: First law: members which transfer compressive loads to the An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion ground.
Bracing: Members that inter connect and unless compelled to do otherwise by some external stiffen columns and beams. Roof trusses: load- force acting on it. Second law: A force is caused by bearing frames constructed of connected triangular acceralation acting on an object. Third law: Action shapes.
Retaining Walls: Support soil where a and reaction are equal and opposite. One of the main sloping site requires excavation. Concrete slab: Span structural principles is that elements such as the roof, horizontally between supports, used as floors and floor and walls must remain stationary. For this to sometimes as roof systems. Footings: Transfer load happen there needs to be an equilibrium of forces. When the forces acting on them are equal and opposite.
Under loading, some deflection and SEISMIC ANALYSIS deformation — in the form of bending and buckling — Earthquake or seismic analysis is a subset of may occur, and if this movement is not allowed for structural analysis which involves the calculation of then structural failure may be the result. Therefore, a the response of a structure subjected to earthquake principle of structure is that they be designed to excitation.
This is required for carrying out the maintain a state of equilibrium; resisting external structural design, structural assessment and loads without moving. The study of the causes and retrofitting of the structures in the regions where effects of stationary force acting on rigid objects is earthquakes are prevalent.
Various seismic data are statics. For a structure to structures. These data are accessible into two ways remain static, three basic equations must hold true: viz, in deterministic form or in probabilistic form. Design Philosophy of Earthquake Resistant Designs. Severity of ground shaking at a given location during LOADS an earthquake can be minor, moderate and strong. Another principle is that the structure should be Thus, safety of people and contents is assured in capable of withstanding the most severe combination earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster of force that are likely to be applied.
This is is avoided. The earthquake design philosophy may be determined by the relocation relevant to the structure summarized as follows Figure 1 : a Under minor such as in places where strong winds or heavy rain but frequent shaking, the main members of the are common weather conditions. The main types of building that carry vertical and horizontal forces loads which a structure must be able to resist are: should not be damaged; however building parts that Dead load such as the fixtures and structural do not carry load may sustain repairable damage.
These the main members may sustain severe even properties include: Strength, Toughness, Elasticity, irreparable damage, but the building should not Plasticity, Ductility, Malleability, Brittleness and collapse.
Good ductility can be achieved with carefully detailed joints. Strength and Stiffness: Strength is a property of a material to resist and bear applied forces within a safe limit. Stiffness of a material is a degree of resistance Figure 1.
Building configuration The design of structures in earthquake regions has determines the way seismic forces are distributed been based upon the assumption of a lateral load within the structure, their relative magnitude, and proportional to the mass of the building.
For example problematic design concerns. Such designs are based Frames or Braced Frames and generally have: Low upon the assumption that the period of natural Height to Base Ratios, Equal Floor Heights, vibration of the structure is large compared with the Symmetrical Plans, Uniform Sections and Elevations, typical period of the ground motion.
Maximum Torsional Resistance. It is important that the design concentrations and torsion. Uneven mass distribution will represent the effect of earthquake ground motion, position the centre of mass outside of the geometric typically defined by a seismic design response centre causing "torsion" generating stress spectrum. It assumes that the building responds in its concentrations. A certain amount of torsion is fundamental mode.
For this to be true, the building unavoidable in every building design. Symmetrical must be low-rise and must not twist significantly arrangement of masses, however, will result in when the ground moves.
This is generally true for short, regular dynamic shock and dissipate vibration by absorbing buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with it. Damping is a rate at which natural vibration is torsion irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a absorbed. The analysis may be combination is increased or decreased as necessary linear or non linear.
It is used when specified drifts are sought, NONLINEAR ANALYSIS: The nonlinear static magnitude of the applied load is not known in procedures constitute an inelastic analysis that advance, structure can be expected to lose strength or considers what happens to buildings after they begin become unstable or when displacement occurring in to crack and yield in response to realistic earthquake the design earthquake is known.
Although unrealistic Some buildings may be too complex to rely on the and potentially misleading, this simplistic approach nonlinear static procedure. Those cases may require works well for new buildings and for regular existing time history analysis of the nonlinear behaviour of buildings.
This method is performed using time model of the structure is constructed. Special histories prepared according to the actual ground stiffness values are calculated for the modelled motions recorded.
The requirements for the elements and components. The global elastic model mathematical model for time history analysis are is analysed using elastic response spectrum analysis. The use of geometric stiffness and P-Delta which the magnitude of the structural loading is analyses includes the effects of first order large incrementally increased in accordance with a certain displacements.
If the axial forces in the members predefined pattern. With the increase in the remain relatively constant during the application of magnitude of the loading, weak links and failure lateral dynamic displacements, many structures can modes of the structure are found. The loading is be solved directly without iteration. These with damping approximations.
Static pushover modes are useful to understand the behaviour of the analysis is an attempt by the structural engineering structure. In this case, several palettes need to be shifted most of the time. Parking palettes are either shifted separately or on block within the parking deck or separately between connected levels or aisles.
Horizontally cycle moving system with 2 levels and turntable in the transfer cabin. Automatic parking systems Parksafe Parksafe are automatic parking systems for stacking cars on top of each other within a very small floor plan area.
From 10 to 80 cars can be parked on max. The user leaves the car in the entrance room and has not access in the working area. Levelparker Levelparker are automatic parking systems for stacking cars on top of each other ideal for garages and underground parking. They can provide storage for customer cars during servicing and repair operations. Combiparker With the tried and tested principle of stacking and moving closer together, the new Combiparkers create even more space.
With up to 8 levels on top of each other and up to 5 grids next to each other, this system accommodates up to 31 parking spaces. Slimparker This Semi-automatic parking system is ideal for small areas like town centers or courtyards. The Slimparker allows the storage of a maximum of 23 car. This system is developed in depth leaving free the surface.
The roof covering, completely suitable for vehicles, can be coated with different materials to adapt perfectly to its surroundings.
Crossparker This plant is ideal for limited area in which several car spaces are needed. Natural Factors 1. Geology — the natural science that studies the earth. Geology processes which might have affected the site, its formation and the type of bedrock below the surface of the soil. The type and depth of bedrock presents many question of its adequacy as a base for foundation of buildings, walls or roads. Geomorphology — a branch of geology that deals with the origin, nature and distribution of land forms.
Basis Geomorphologic Information a Soil Properties — describe the soil for use in site design. Climate — regional pattern of temperature, humidity, precipitation, sun angles, cloudiness, wind direction and speeds. Cultural Factors 1.
Existing Land Use — the manner of utilizing land, including its allocation, development and management. Traffic and Transit — relationship of traffic patterns to each other and to the site. Density and Zoning — refers to the population of a unit land area and the division of community to zone and district. Socio- Economic Factors — refers to the information of social processes and economic activity that affects the site.
Historical Factors — A historical factor is any element of influence on a situation that is related to history that may exist within the site. Aesthetic Factors 1. Natural Features — significant natural features that should be identified to determine whether they must be avoided or can be used as positive design features in the site design.
Visual Resources — view analysis may be required to determine the most desirable ways to orient buildings, outdoor areas, and approaches to the buildings. Undesirable views can be minimized or blocked with landscaping or other manufactured features.
Bonifacio Monument? The increasing volume of vehicle around the area mirrors the urbanization that is happening predominantly along the EDSA which needs to be addressed along with others factors that causes traffic congestion such as pedestrian traffic, inappropriate UV terminals, etc.
Located within the commercial district of South Caloocan a Multi-level Car Parking would response to this need, we promote a design that is unique, innovative and progressive that transcends time, considering the future needs of the surrounding elements and the potential commercial development around the area in determining the prospect number of users of the project.
This storm run-off shapes major water courses over the years. Currently these broadly level lands cover most of the commercial and industrial establishments in the city. The two distinct seasons recognized are the dry high pressure season, which comes in the months of November till April and the wet season, which starts from May and lasts up to October.
The dry season corresponds with the northeast monsoon October to January and the wet season with the southwest monsoon June to September. Between these two well-defined monsoon periods, the southeast trade winds blow from February to May. The annual rainfall was recorded to be 2, West wind is predominant in February, March and April. From May to October, the southwest monsoon blows.
This procures the heavy rain experienced during that period. Maximum wind speed recorded in South Caloocan was 28 miles per second, which occurs in October. Part of it is currently utilized as a jeepney terminal for Sto. Nino and Meycauayan. The largest volume among transport modes are cars and motorcycles and tricycles.
For short travel in narrow routes and on roads where there are no bus services, commuters are using jeepneys public utility vehicle , while on major highways, the major mode are buses.
Another type of mass transport system serving the city is the elevated Light Rail Transit LRT with its north-end terminal located at A. Bonifacio Monument area in South Caloocan. Also, it has an average increase of 9. Number of registered cars and trucks followed at 11, and 7, units respectively. Generally the registration of private cars decreased at an average 3.
Intersection of Rizal Avenue Ext. The increasing trend of vehicle volume on these areas mirrors the recent urbanization taking place predominantly along EDSA and the outside suburban areas that outline the City. Average A. On the other hand, from the same reference, This figure significantly doubled in The average annual growth rate based on and actual census is 2.
By population size, Caloocan ranks third among the cities and municipalities in NCR. It is projected that by year the population of Caloocan will reach 1,, It mirrors the potential development of the area as a major urban district, illustrating the needs and response that the Multi-level Car Park Building have to express in its totality.
This area covers approximately hectares of land, with various business establishments like specialty shops, banks, business and professional offices, restaurants, malls, department stores, theaters and other entertainment facilities.
Extension, Light Rail Transit LRT , major modes of transportation such as buses and jeepneys, different communication facilities and other public utilities. Mabini St. Caloocan is rich with cultural and historical heritage. The City, then a sitio, had an important role during the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, events of which were summarily captured and highlighted in a bronze monument of delicate artistry and sculptural design, which is a fitting tribute to the greatness of Andres Bonifacio.
The headstone was sculptured by GillermoTolentino in honor of the world- renowned Father of the Philippine Revolution. There is also a wide panaromic view of the site for those who are passing through the foot bridge. Dealing with these factors will affect the design as a whole. Possible recommendations are the ff.
The application of this components that are relevant to the design solution require a extended analysis to acquire the knowledge that the designer need. Smart Parking technology enables customers to find spaces quickly and easily. Less time parking means less stress and happier customers. The technology that makes management easier, using space more productively, while payment and compliance is made simple. Products such as our SmartEye Sensor and SmartRep Management tool work together to give you instant and comprehensive information on space usage.
The technologies manage payment, compliance and maximise use of space available. Smartapp can lead the way. Want to improve occupancy in under utilised bays. SmartGuide can help. Need to improve your revenue from compliance and penalties? SmartRep is the tool for the job. The Specifics How can we can help you to help you customers? SmartEye sensors use wireless technology for ease of installation and minimisation of costs.
With SmartRep you get visible, measurable improvement to the service you provide. Day to day management including payment, compliance and space management, is made easy. Future planning is based on comprehensive data gathered and analysed by Smart Parking technologies. This enables you to improve your parking services, year on year. The sensors are about the size of a coffee cup lid and are embedded in the asphalt.
The smart meters attach to regular meters and allow users to pay with their mobile phones in addition to communicating payment information to the city. With the information from the sensors, the city is able to change pricing on its parking depending on demand — raising it for a special event or a particularly busy hour, for instance. The information also alerts enforcement officials about expired parking meters or other parking violations and reduces the time they spend driving in circles.
The app alerts drivers where there they are or are not likely to find an available parking space so that they can save time cruising around. SmartEye sensor use wireless technology for ease of installation and minimization of cost. Installing and maintaining the equipment needed is to create a stress free parking experience for the customer. This enables to improve parking service, year on year. The Robotic Parking Systems technology is a flexible, modular, fully automated parking system, utilizing the latest in electronics and automation.
It is driven by fully automated software with electro-mechanical robots. The versatile and flexible modular arrangement of robots enables fast movements that are smooth, reliable and quiet delivering the highest Peak Traffic performance worldwide.
The modular technology provides for extreme flexibility for designers. The robotic car park can be designed in-between, under or above other development components. BIM models are available as a design tool. With this technology, an individual will not need to drive through the garage to find a parking space nor go through tiresome searches for the vehicle. Concrete is a friend of the environment in all stages of its life span, from raw material production to demolition, making it a natural choice for sustainable home construction.
The predominant raw material for the cement in concrete is limestone, the most abundant mineral on earth. Concrete can also be made with fly ash, slag cement, and silica fume, all waste byproducts from power plants, steel mills, and other manufacturing facilities. Concrete builds durable, long-lasting structures that will not rust, rot, or burn. Life spans for concrete building products can be double or triple those of other common building materials.
Thermal mass. Homes built with concrete walls, foundations, and floors are highly energy efficient because they take advantage of concretes inherent thermal massor ability to absorb and retain heat. This means homeowners can significantly cut their heating and cooling bills and install smaller-capacity HVAC equipment. Concrete minimizes the effects that produce urban heat islands. Light- colored concrete pavements and roofs absorb less heat and reflect more solar radiation than dark-colored materials, such as asphalt, reducing air conditioning demands in the summer.
Ability to retain stormwater. Paved surfaces tend to be impervious and can block natural water infiltration into the soil. This creates an imbalance in the natural ecosystem and leads to problems such as erosion, flash floods, water table depletion, and pollution. Pervious concrete is a special type of structural concrete with a sponge- like network of voids that water passes through readily.
When used for driveways, sidewalks, parking lots, and other pavements, pervious concrete can help to retain stormwater runoff and replenish local water supplies.
Minimal waste. Concrete can be produced in the quantities needed for each project, reducing waste. After a concrete structure has served its original purpose, the concrete can be crushed and recycled into aggregate for use in new concrete pavements or as backfill or road base.
Its durable nature and versatile applications have made its usage ubiquitous throughout our cities. Can the omnipresent grey substance ever be reconciled as a green building material? Read on for our in-depth report. When this power mixes with water, it forms strong calcium-silicate-hydrate bonds that can bind other particulates, like sand or gravel, to make concrete.
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